Binghams Best and Cleveland Hardware Stores

Usa historic place

Bingham Company Warehouse
U.Due south. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. Celebrated district Contributing property
Bear witness map of Cleveland Testify map of Ohio Show map of the United States
Location	1278 W. 9th Street, Cleveland, Ohio, U.Due south.
Coordinates	41°29′56″N 81°42′05″W  /  41.49889°N 81.70139°Due west  / 41.49889; -81.70139 Coordinates: 41°29′56″N 81°42′05″W  /  41.49889°Northward 81.70139°West  / 41.49889; -81.70139
Built	1916 (1916)
Architect	Walker and Weeks
Architectural style	Commercial
Website	world wide web.thebingham.com
Part of	Cleveland Warehouse District (ID82003558[1])
NRHP referenceNo.	73001406[i]
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	November 2, 1973
Designated NRHP	Nov 2, 1973
Designated CP	September 30, 1982

The Bingham Company Warehouse is a historic warehouse located in Cleveland, Ohio, in the United States. It was designed by the noted local business firm of Walker and Weeks for the W. Bingham Visitor, and is ane of the architectural firm'due south few utilitarian commercial buildings. For many years, Due west. Bingham Co. was the Midwest's largest hardware manufacturer and wholesaler. The Westward. Bingham Co. went out of concern in 1961, and the warehouse was sold to a succession of owners of the years. The warehouse was sold to private investors in 2001, who converted it into apartments, known today as The Bingham.

About the edifice [edit]

Construction [edit]

Cleveland entrepreneurs William Bingham and Henry C. Bloom purchased the Clark & Murfey hardware store in 1841, and incorporated it as the W. Bingham Co. in 1888.^[2]

In April 1913, the Westward. Bingham Co. appear information technology would construct a new edifice in the urban center'southward Warehouse District as its new headquarters.^[three] Intended to be the largest warehouse in Cleveland, ^{[3] [4]} the cost of the edifice and land were estimated at $1 million ($26,200,000 in 2020 dollars).^[iv] At the time of the announcement, the company had already completed the purchase of the state^[three] at a cost of about $400,000 ($10,500,000 in 2020 dollars), and its architect, the noted Cleveland house of Walker & Weeks,^{[5] [6] [7] [viii]} had finished preliminary designs for the edifice. The architects drew heavily on Knox & Elliott'southward 1905 Rockefeller Building^[9] as well as their own 1912 Renkert Edifice for inspiration,^[10] The warehouse, which was anticipated to exist of steel and physical structure, was designed to have a spur from the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway (the "Big Four") encounter its basement. The architects hoped to have every bit many as 17 truck loading docks on the edifice's northwest side, with a truck parking garage in one of the three basements. Another basement would be used for the storage of the heaviest goods. Elevators were intended to be located in the eye of the edifice, so they could be reached apace and efficiently past all points on each floor.^[3] At some point in 1913 or 1914, Christian, Schwarzenberg & Gaede, a local structural engineering firm, was hired to help with the plans.^{[11] [six] [seven]}

Past June 1914, work on the architectural plans had advanced to the signal where W. Bingham Co. was ready to place an order for upward to 2,500 curt tons (two,300 t) of structural steel and rebar.^[12] But city officials had extensive concerns near the architectural design, and all-encompassing (if unreported) changes to the plans were nether way in July 1914.^[thirteen] At the terminate of July, Due west. Bingham Co. awarded the contract for the general contractor's job to the Cleveland construction business firm Crowell-Lundoff-Footling.^{[xiv] [eleven] [5] [six] [vii]} Although the city was still withholding final approval for the architectural plans and building permit, enough of the design had won approval for the contractor to advise steel companies that information technology was interested in purchasing about one,600 curt tons (1,500 t) of shaped steel.^[14] Although the design controversy continued, the McClintic-Marshall Corp. received the contract for 1,500 brusque tons (1,400 t) of shaped steel in early on August 1914,^[15] the Ayer & Lord Necktie Co. of Chicago won the contract for ix,400 square yards (7,900 thousand²) of flooring^[xvi] and Carnegie Steel received the contract for 2,100 short tons (1,900 t) of rebar in reinforcing bars in late Baronial.^[17]

Final approving of the architectural plans must accept been close by the beginning of August 1914, considering excavation at the site began.^{[18] [xix]} Plans now showed 10 above-basis floors (each of reinforced concrete) and 3 basement levels. At a total estimated cost of land and structure at $1 million ($25,600,000 in 2020 dollars), it was reportedly the largest warehouse in the United States.^[11] The Fred R. Jones Company did the excavation piece of work.^[19] The piece of work was extremely difficult. The excavation site was 150 by 434 feet (46 by 132 m), a large existing edifice abutted the southwest side of the site,^{[eighteen] [xix]} and there was a very steep^[20] 25-foot (7.6 m) alter in class from the northeast to southwest.^[21] A steam shovel was used to remove the 70,000 cubic yards (54,000 m^three) of world, and steel canvas pilings were rammed into the soil to prevent cavern-ins forth the sides.^{[18] [19]} These pilings were left in place to support the combined slab and pier foundation and freestanding retaining wall.^[21] Both the Large 4 and the New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad (the "Nickel Plate") ran a joint spur onto the site,^[a] and then hauled the earth several miles to Kingsbury Run (where information technology was used every bit landfill). Digging was consummate in mid-October.^{[18] [19]}

The city issued a permit for structure of the foundation about the time the excavation was complete.^[22] The foundation used a combination of piers, slab,^[21] footings,^[22] and retaining walls.^[23] The full toll of the foundation was originally estimated to be about $50,000 ($one,300,000 in 2020 dollars).^[22] Soil tests revealed a hard blue clay^[24] about 50 to 60 feet (15 to 18 one thousand) below the surface, and the piers rested on this clay.^[22] Cantilevered retaining walls with buttresses were built to hold dorsum the surrounding globe, and two-way reinforced spread footings poured to support the walls.^{[25] [b]} The William Edwards Co. building on the southwest side of the new warehouse left bereft infinite for regular footings and a buttressed retaining wall to be used. Instead, 14-inch (36 cm) Lackawanna canvass pilings were used to reinforce the wall, and two separate footings were built.^[23] As construction of the foundation proceeded, numerous pockets of quicksand were found in the soil.^[21] Further investigation revealed that pockets of quicksand lay beneath nigh all the footings on the building's northeast side. A test pit was dug, and soil engineers discovered a solid clay farther down. Low-cal sheet pilings were used to create caissons. These were excavated, and the footings carried down to the business firm dirt.^[24]

The metropolis issued a building permit in late February or early March 1915.^[v] Work on the basement floors and walls proceeded very slowly. Enormous coal and ash bins and long steel rails for the moving of heavy items were designed to hang from ceiling beams in these areas. This required the apply of shaped steel pieces which had to be perfectly joined, and the pouring of concrete around them. Once the basements were complete, the residue of the building rose very swiftly. Upper floors were poured at a rate of three floors a solar day,^[28] and the exterior brick walls rose at the charge per unit of one flooring every two days.^[7]

The Westward. Bingham Co. warehouse opened for business in February or March 1916.^[29]

Almost the building [edit]

The W. Bingham Co. warehouse building cost $600,000 ($15,300,000 in 2020 dollars).^[5] It is largely synthetic of brick, concrete, and steel.^[thirty] The slightly L-shaped^[xx] building was 99 feet (thirty m) wide on W. 9th Street and 198.five feet (60.v m) wide on Westward. 10th Street and had a total length of 435 feet (133 m)^[29] (455 feet (139 m) between the basement walls).^[21] On W. 9th Street, eight floors were visible^[29] and the building height was 101 anxiety (31 thou).^[21] On W. tenth Street, eleven floors were visible^[29] and the building peak was 148 anxiety (45 thousand).^[21] Each floor had 57,000 square feet (v,300 k²) of infinite, for a total building interior space of 683,892 square feet (63,535.half-dozen mⁱⁱ).^[21]

Equally viewed from West. 9th Street, the edifice had iii basements. The rear (or southwest) wall of the tertiary basement was actually a heavily reinforced slab and pier retaining wall 28 feet (8.5 m) high, giving the 3rd basement a ceiling 25 feet (7.6 m) high.^[21] The third basement extended virtually fifty anxiety (15 m) under Due west. ninth Street, while the second and first basements only extended nigh 20 feet (6.1 m) nether the street.^[21] There were originally only two large aircraft doors, each roughly 37 feet (11 m) wide and 21 feet (6.4 one thousand) high, in the rear wall of the tertiary basement. To adjust the doors, ii exterior columns had to be omitted. In their place are 2 massive girders,^[31] each 41 feet (12 1000) long and resting on a single massive pier betwixt the doors.^[6] A railroad spur ran nether the building'due south ell (along the line of the old Mandrake Avenue), and there were 24 truck loading docks on the structure'southward northwest side.^[32]

The superstructure of the building featured unusually heavy columns and floor slabs designed to allow 500 pounds per square pes (24 kPa) on the floors of the first and 2nd basement and the beginning and 2d floor, and 300 pounds per square foot (xiv kPa) on floors three and higher. In order to accommodate the weight of the banality, coal bin, ash bin, and associated equipment at the rear of the second basement, a portion of this floor was designed to withstand 700 pounds per square foot (34 kPa).^[31] The octagonal, steel cadre-and-physical columns in this area were 59 feet (xviii one thousand) tall, extending from the foundation upwards to the second floor.^[21] Four of the exterior wall columns as well as all interior columns in the three basements and offset flooring were too steel cadre-and-concrete, to support the stresses on the construction beneath-basis.^{[21] [c]} Above the second floor, all columns were reinforced physical.^{[21] [d]} The bases of all the columns consisted of cast iron-and-two-way reinforced physical.^[21] All column caps were reinforced with shelf angles fastened to the flanges and core reinforcement plates, and all columns were topped with octagonal plates reinforced with stiffeners.^[33] Above the second floor, all column tops were flared to assistance support the flooring slab above.^[21] Due to complications created past the William Edwards building next to information technology, in that location were fewer exterior and interior columns in the construction'due south southwest corner. Instead, 7-human foot-long (2.i one thousand) cantilevers supported the outside walls in a higher place the tertiary floor.^{[33] [e]}

The floors of the basements and upper floors were poured in 20.5 square anxiety (1.90 m^two) slabs. These slabs were 11 inches (28 cm) thick in the basements and on the first flooring, and ix.v inches (24 cm) thick on all other floors.^{[half dozen]} The roof was a 7.five-inch-thick (19 cm) slab.^[33] Spandrel beams were not used in the flooring system. The exception was on the fourth floor: With offices to exist located on the third floor, the architects wanted to do abroad with column caps in guild to provide infinite for lighting fixtures and to avoid lite-handful. Spandrels in the fourth flooring were needed to compensate for the weaker back up.^[33] Floor throughout the structure was Kreolite, a creosote-impregnated forest block.^[35]

The exterior of the edifice was clad in paving brick rejects.^{[half dozen]} Walker & Weeks had used uniformly-colored paving brick on the Renkert Building, which it had designed shortly before first work on the W. Bingham Co. warehouse. Architect Harry Weeks recommended paving brick for the Bingham building because it was strong, long-wearing, and inexpensive.^[36] "Seconds" (bricks which were not uniform in colour due to chemical differences, miscasting, or later on spending too much fourth dimension curing in the kiln) were recommended by Weeks because they created an aesthetically pleasing "tapestry effect which might exist causeless to have resulted from careful artistic design, rather than accident and economy."^[37] Windows in the building all had steel sashes and wire mesh drinking glass.^[6] The roofline was a unproblematic concave cavetto cornice.^[38]

The interior of the building, every bit befit a warehouse, was relatively spartan. V^[32] elevators were grouped in the center of the structure,^[3] and a pneumatic tube network installed in the shafts as a space-saving measure. The building also featured several spiral package chutes,^[6] and an exterior surface parking lot.^[32]

The cost of the state and completed building was $1 million ($25,600,000 in 2020 dollars).^[31] All told, 300 brusque tons (270 t) of bandage iron, i,200 short tons (ane,100 t) of structural steel, 2,300 short tons (2,100 t) of rebar, and 38,000 cubic yards (29,000 m³) of concrete were used in its construction.^{[6] [7]} When completed, information technology was reportedly the largest single-unit warehouse in the world.^{[viii] [39]}

Architectural assessment [edit]

The W. Bingham Co. warehouse edifice is widely considered one of the finest Commercial style buildings in Cleveland.^{[xxx] [40] [41]} It features extremely loftier-quality structure and design, which is unusual for a utilitarian building. It is besides, co-ordinate to the Ohio Historic Places Dictionary, an early on example of "vertical rectangular construction of a building in a manner clearly advisable to its office."^[nine]

The structure is widely celebrated for the inspired employ of paving brick seconds, which adds color and texture to the edifice.^[9] The outside is considered unusually sophisticated,^[10] with "subtle refinements of proportion and particular".^[nine] It has likewise won praise for the simple, repetitive piers that bring it to life.^[38]

History of the edifice [edit]

With the completion of the warehouse, the Due west. Bingham Co. shifted from retail to wholesale-merely operations.^[2] Over the years, changes to the interior reduced the available space to only 500,000 square feet (46,000 mⁱⁱ).^[42]

W. Bingham Co. ceased operations in June 1961.^[41] Several executives with the company purchased the corporate indicia, inventory, and equipment and formed a new company, Bingham, Inc.^[41] The new firm continued to sell Bingham products to manufacturing, mining, and railroad customers.^[43] W. Bingham Co. continued to own the warehouse,^[42] and leased space in information technology to various kinds of firms (including Bingham Inc.)^[44]

Some fourth dimension on or before 1971, the Bingham edifice was purchased by the Ostendorf-Morris Co., a local real estate investment company.^{[32] [45]}

In Nov 1973, the Westward. Bingham Co. warehouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places.^[30]

Having been purchased by exterior investors in 1970 and by Formweld Products Co. in 1973, Bingham Co. moved out of the edifice in 1980.^[41]

During the Due west. Bingham Co. warehouse'due south first half century, Cleveland and the Warehouse District went into significant decline. The rapid and significant expansion in heavy industry in Cleveland ended nigh 1930, and contracted dramatically after 1950. Every bit the century neared its close, only chemical, instrument and medical equipment, and plastics manufacturing remained as major employers.^[46] The city's population reached a high of 914,808 in 1950, just dropped to under 400,000 at the turn of the century (and connected to pass up).^[47] In the Warehouse District, 115 of the 175 buildings, representing more than half the area, were demolished.^[48] The number of residents living in the area had dropped from a loftier of 12,068 in 1950 to a depression of 3,844 in 1970 (although they had recovered slightly to 4,651 in 1990).^[49]

2000-2004 renovation and repurposing [edit]

At the beginning of the 21st century, the W. Bingham Co. warehouse was relatively unused. A few minor city and canton agencies and offices had leased space on the structure's footing floor, while the remainder of the building was used for storage or was empty. Although the building had never been renovated in the by 85 years, it was in practiced condition. It was too the largest building in the Warehouse District which had yet to undergo demolition or redevelopment.^[39]

In February 2000, Bingham Burnside LLC, a company established by owners and executives of the Burnside Construction Co. of Chicago, initiated a process to purchase the Bingham edifice for an undisclosed sum.^[l]

Bingham Burnside sought to redevelop the construction into a mixed-use evolution. The company planned spending $66.7 1000000 ($97,500,000 in 2020 dollars) on converting 379,606 square feet (35,266.6 m²) of space into 339 apartments, 292,666 foursquare feet (27,189.6 m²) of infinite into a 340-vehicle parking garage,^[f] and 21,000 square feet (two,000 m²) of infinite into basis-floor retail. Bingham Burnside hired Marous Brothers Structure equally the full general contractor overseeing the project, which information technology hoped to begin on Apr one, 2001. To pay for the conversion, Bingham Burnside received a $two one thousand thousand ($3,900,000 in 2020 dollars) loan from the city of Cleveland, $7.4 one thousand thousand ($10,800,000 in 2020 dollars) in historic preservation tax credits from the land; and a $seven.eight one thousand thousand ($eleven,400,000 in 2020 dollars) conservation easement from the state. The urban center also agreed to give the developers a 75 per centum tax abatement for the projection'south first five years, a 50 per centum tax abatement for its next five years, and a 25 percent taxation abatement in its 11th and twelfth years.^[52]

Relocation of tenants was virtually complete by early June 2002, somewhat behind schedule. By then, the cost of converting the 693,272-foursquare-foot (64,407.1 m²) building^[g] had risen to $70 million ($102,300,000 in 2020 dollars).^[53] The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) awarded Bingham Burnside a $41.viii one thousand thousand ($60,100,000 in 2020 dollars) conversion loan.^[54] The Bingham became the largest HUD-financed projection in Ohio to date.^[55] The loan immune construction on the projection to begin in the autumn of 2002,^[54] with construction expected to be completed in summer 2003.^[55]

Unanticipated construction delays meant that the Bingham apartments did not open until May 2004.^[56] The last cost of the conversion was $80 million ($112,500,000 in 2020 dollars).^{[56] [57]}

In tardily 2004, Constantino's Market place opened in 9,600 square feet (890 thou²) of space on the ground floor of the Burnham on W. 9th Street. The infinite, a former exhibit for West. Bingham Co. hardware goods, was restored and conserved. Although the space was cleaved upward by several columns, these were reutilized as display shelves. Constantino's received a $380,000 ($500,000 in 2020 dollars) below-market loan from the city to assist pay for the space's renovation.^[58]

Conversion awards [edit]

The conversion of the warehouse won 2 awards. The first was the Downtown Development Award, given by the Downtown Cleveland Partnership in March 2005 to Bingham Burnside .^[59] The second Accolade for Excellence in Renovation (Other Buildings), given by the Northern Ohio Chapter of the National Clan of Industrial and Office Properties to Marous Brothers Construction in May 2005.^[60]

Ownership changes [edit]

Burnside Construction suffered severe economical losses during the Bang-up Recession of 2008–2010, and in May 2007 filed for Chapter seven bankruptcy (liquidation). Although The Bingham flat building was 80 percent total and Constantino'due south was expanding its infinite on the ground floor, Bingham Burnside LLC was unable to make its loan payments without the support of its parent visitor. HUD seized the mortgage and title to the building, and actioned off the mortgage.^[61] Resources Real Estate bought the loan for $25 million in March 2010, and successfully completed a foreclosure proceeding against Bingham Burnside.^[62] Resource Real Estate won court approval to sell The Bingham in July 2010 in lodge to satisfy the mortgage.^[63]

Resource Real Estate won the Nov ane, 2010, auction for The Bingham. The visitor said it planned no major changes at the complex, but would make corrective improvements to the mutual areas.^[64]

References [edit]

Notes

1. ^ Getting gondola cars onto the site was difficult. Trains had to move up and down a steep 7 percent course, and make an extremely tight 28 caste curve.^{[18] [19]}
2. ^ A spread footing has a base wider than the top of the footing, allowing force per unit area to be spread out over a wider area of the soil.^[26] A ii-manner reinforced spread footing has beams running perpendicular to one some other beneath the footing to assistance prevent deflection.^[27]
3. ^ The cores of these columns consisted of xiv inches (36 cm), 148-pound (67 kg) Bethlehem Steel H-girders. Their sides and flanges were reinforced with 16-inch (41 cm) steel plates.^{[33] [34]} The core, its flanges, and the plates were drilled to permit rebar to laissez passer through, rather than around, them.^[31]
4. ^ These columns were either round with octagonal or spiral reinforcements, or square with longitudinal reinforcements.^[21]
5. ^ The exterior walls here were 13 inches (33 cm) thick to help make upwardly for the fewer columns.^[33]
6. ^ Architectural plans called for using the three basements and the rear of the first and 2nd floor for parking. The front of the first floor would exist retail, and the forepart of the second floor residential. Floors three through eight would be completely residential.^[51]
7. ^ Footage reports varied. In 1993, The Plain Dealer newspaper had said the building but had 558,000 square feet (51,800 m²) of interior space.^[48]

Citations

1. ^ ^{a b} "National Annals Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July ix, 2010.
2. ^ ^{a b} "W. Bingham Co". The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. 2017. Retrieved May xi, 2017.
3. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Wholesale Building Will Be Biggest Hither". The Plain Dealer. April 22, 1913. p. eleven.
4. ^ ^{a b} "The New Bingham Building Will Price $1,000,000". Doorways. May 1913. p. 7. Retrieved May eleven, 2017.
5. ^ ^{a b c d} "Takes Long Charter On Euclid-Av Land". The Plain Dealer. March 16, 1915. p. 15.
6. ^ ^{a b c d due east f g h i} The Engineering Tape 1915, p. 357.
7. ^ ^{a b c d e} Buettell 1915, p. 123.
8. ^ ^{a b} Avery 1918, p. 242.
9. ^ ^{a b c d} Ohio Historic Places Dictionary 2008, p. 192.
10. ^ ^{a b} Johannesen 1998, pp. 48, 50.
11. ^ ^{a b c} "Warehouse, Light Manufacturing". Steel and Fe. September 28, 1914. p. 1197. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
12. ^ "Cleveland". The Iron Age. June 4, 1914. p. 1425. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
13. ^ "June Contracts Dropped". Iron Merchandise Review. July 16, 1914. p. 107. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
14. ^ ^{a b} "Larger Shape Tonnage". Fe Trade Review. July 30, 1914. p. 192. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
15. ^ "Tightened Money Market place". Iron Merchandise Review. August vi, 1914. pp. 234–235. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
16. ^ "Westinghouse". Atomic number 26 Merchandise Review. August 20, 1914. p. 325. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
17. ^ "Bar Buyers Specifying". Iron Trade Review. August 27, 1914. p. 366. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
18. ^ ^{a b c d due east} "Contracts Executed by the Fred R. Jones Company, Cleveland, Ohio, 1914". Steam Shovel and Dredge. March 1915. p. 267. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
19. ^ ^{a b c d east f} "Excavation for Westward. Bingham Company's Warehouse in Cleveland, Ohio". The Excavating Engineer. March 1915. pp. 213–214. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
20. ^ ^{a b} Johannesen 1998, p. 48.
21. ^ ^{a b c d e f chiliad h i j m fifty thou north o p} The Engineering Record 1915, p. 356.
22. ^ ^{a b c d} "Fundamental States". Iron Trade Review. Oct 22, 1914. p. 789. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
23. ^ ^{a b} Buettell 1915, p. 121.
24. ^ ^{a b} Buettell 1915, p. 120.
25. ^ Buettell 1915, pp. 120–121.
26. ^ Allen 2005, p. 201.
27. ^ McCormac & Brown 2016, pp. 98, 485.
28. ^ Buettell 1915, p. 122.
29. ^ ^{a b c d} "The Bingham Co". Hardware Dealers' Magazine. May 1916. p. 1074. hdl:2027/nyp.33433108133822. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
30. ^ ^{a b c} Naversen, Andrea (November 15, 1973). "seven Cleveland Landmarks Designated Equally Historic Places". -The Evidently Dealer. p. 37.
31. ^ ^{a b c d} Buettell 1915, p. 119.
32. ^ ^{a b c d} "Attention All Building Loft Tenants". -The Plainly Dealer. October eight, 1971. p. 47.
33. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Buettell 1915, p. 117.
34. ^ The Applied science Record 1915, pp. 356–357.
35. ^ "A Factory Floor That Stands Up Under Hard, Heavy Service". Mill, the Mag of Management. July 1916. p. 85. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
36. ^ Weeks 1916, p. 5.
37. ^ Weeks 1916, pp. five–6.
38. ^ ^{a b} Johannesen 1998, p. 50.
39. ^ ^{a b} Historic Warehouse District Evolution Corporation 2002, p. 25.
40. ^ Kosher, John Leo (April vii, 1977). "Bingham Co. Warehouse". -The Apparently Dealer. p. D9.
41. ^ ^{a b c d} Peery, Richard M. (July 9, 1997). "Victor Peters, 88 Was Bingham Inc. President". The Manifestly Dealer. p. B11.
42. ^ ^{a b} Bryan, John E. (August 26, 1961). "Last of Bingham Inventory Bought". -The Plain Dealer. p. 12.
43. ^ "Bingham Industrial Line to Continue". -The Plain Dealer. May 26, 1961. p. 44.
44. ^ "Geo. Worthington Co". -The Obviously Dealer. June 27, 1977. p. C9.
45. ^ Scott, Jane (July 29, 1973). "Singing Is the High Notation of Her Life". -The Manifestly Dealer. p. G10.
46. ^ Stapleton, Darwin H. (2017). "Industry". The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History . Retrieved May xiii, 2017.
47. ^ Exner, Rich (May nineteen, 2016). "Cleveland Population Loss Slows". The Plainly Dealer . Retrieved May 13, 2017.
48. ^ ^{a b} Litt, Steven (March 21, 1993). "Planning a Smart, Solid Warehouse District Rejuvenation". The Plain Dealer. p. H3.
49. ^ Cleveland Urban center Planning Committee (May 30, 2003). 2000 Cleveland Neighborhood Fact Sheets: Downtown (PDF) (Report). Cleveland, Ohio. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on December xi, 2016. Retrieved May thirteen, 2017.
50. ^ Lubinger, Pecker (Feb 27, 2000). "Window Could Shut For Convention Center If Urban center Doesn't Motion". The Plain Dealer. p. H1.
51. ^ Historic Warehouse District Evolution Corporation 2002, p. 42.
52. ^ Thomas, Corwin (December ix, 2001). "Cleveland OKs Loan For Bingham Redo". The Evidently Dealer. p. G4.
53. ^ Thomas, Corwin (June 2, 2002). "Bingham Building Job Hinges On 3 Remaining Tenants". The Plain Dealer. p. G4.
54. ^ ^{a b} Thomas, Corwin (July 7, 2002). "Bingham Building Projection Gets Boost". The Plain Dealer. p. G4.
55. ^ ^{a b} Thomas, Corwin (October 19, 2002). "Bingham Edifice Will Exist Largest Done By HUD In Ohio". The Plain Dealer. p. G4.
56. ^ ^{a b} Breckenridge, Tom (Baronial 29, 2004). "Downtown Lifestyle For Sale in Cleveland Warehouse Commune Inspiring Revolution". The Plain Dealer. p. A1.
57. ^ Zimmerman, Susan (December 17, 2003). "Warehouse Commune Tour Supports Area Renovation". The Plainly Dealer. p. E2.
58. ^ Breckenridge, Tom (January 23, 2005). "New Grocery Store Is Marketing Tool For Downtown". The Evidently Dealer. p. B1.
59. ^ "Carney, Rains Honored For Developing Downtown". The Plainly Dealer. March nine, 2005. p. C3.
60. ^ Montgomery, Christopher (May 5, 2005). "Developers, Architects Recognized By Group". The Plain Dealer. p. C3.
61. ^ Jarboe, Michelle (April 17, 2010). "Investor Files To Foreclose On Downtown Apartments". The Plain Dealer. p. C1.
62. ^ Jarboe, Michelle (October 5, 2010). "Investor acquires Quay 55'south mortgage". The Apparently Dealer. p. C1.
63. ^ Jarboe, Michelle (August 14, 2010). "Bingham, In Foreclosure, Will Be Auctioned Off Shortly". The Plain Dealer. p. C1.
64. ^ Jarboe, Michelle (November 2, 2010). "Visitor's $25 Million Bid Gets Bingham Apartments". The Plain Dealer. p. C2.

Bibliography [edit]

• Allen, Edward (2005). How Buildings Work: The Natural Order of Compages. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN9780195161984.
• Avery, Elroy McKendree (1918). A History of Cleveland and Its Environs: The Center of New Connecticut. Book Three. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company.
• Buettell, R.B. (Oct 1915). "The Bingham Warehouse, Cleveland, Ohio". The Wisconsin Engineer. pp. 117–123. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
• Historic Warehouse Commune Development Corporation (March 2002). Historic Warehouse District Chief Plan (PDF) (Report). Cleveland, Ohio. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 24, 2015. Retrieved May xiii, 2017.
• Johannesen, Eric (1998). A Cleveland Legacy: The Architecture of Walker and Weeks. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. ISBN9780873385893.
• McCormac, Jack C.; Brown, Russell H. (2016). Design of Reinforced Concrete. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. ISBN9781118879108.
• "New Steel and Concrete Structure to Replenish About Sixteen Acres of Floor Infinite". The Technology Record: 356. September 18, 1915. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
• Ohio Historic Places Dictionary. Hamburg, Mich.: State History Publications. 2008. ISBN9781878592705.
• Weeks, Harry Due east. (December 1916). "Paving Brick Used in Modern Compages". Undecayed Highways. pp. 5–7. Retrieved May 12, 2017.

External links [edit]

Media related to Bingham Company Warehouse at Wikimedia Commons

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